Streptanthus glandulosus is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name bristly jewelflower. It is native to California and southwestern Oregon, where it grows in many types of habitat, including grassland, chaparral, and woodlands. Genetic and other analyses indicate that it is a species complex with ten subspecies which evolved as populations were isolated from each other. The complex includes subspecies previously considered separate species, such as the rare Tiburon jewelflower (ssp. niger) endemic to the San Francisco Bay Area. Plants in the complex are variable. In general they are annual herbs growing 10 centimeters to over a meter in height. They may be hairless to hairy to bristly. The ephemeral basal leaves have blades borne on winged petioles. Leaves higher on the stem are linear to lance-shaped and clasp the stem at their bases. Flowers occur at intervals along the upper stem. Each flower has an urn-shaped calyx of sepals one half to over one centimeter long which can be most any color from white to yellowish to pink or purple to nearly black. Purple, white, or purple-veined white petals emerge from the tip. The fruit is a straight or curving silique up to 11 centimeters long.

Most Beautiful Jewel Flower (Streptanthus glandulosus ssp. glandulosus) is a rare native annual herb that grows in Southern and Central California, primarily in the SF Bay, the South Coast Range and South Coast regions.

Hoffmann's Jewelflower (Streptanthus glandulosus var. hoffmanii) is a rare native annual herb that grows in central California.

Streptanthus insignis is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names plumed jewelflower and San Benito jewelflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the Inner Central Coast Ranges. It grows in grassland and chaparral habitat, usually on serpentine soils. It is an annual herb producing a hairy, bristly, branching stem up to about 60 centimeters long. The lance-shaped basal leaves are borne on short petioles. Leaves midway up the stem are longer, and those near the top are shorter. They sometimes clasp the stem at their bases. Flowers occur at intervals along the upper stem. The uppermost flowers are often sterile and different in form. Each fertile flower has a bell-shaped calyx of sepals which is purple or greenish-yellow depending on subspecies. The petals at the tip are purplish or yellowish, also depending on subspecies. The fruit is a flat, straight silique which may be over 11 centimeters long. There are two subspecies. The rarer, Arburua Ranch jewelflower (ssp. lyonii), is known from a just few occurrences near Los Banos. This taxon has greenish yellow flowers, sometimes tinged with purple.

Streptanthus morrisonii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name Morrison's jewelflower. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the North and Central Coast Ranges. It is limited to serpentine soils in chaparral and forest habitat. It is considered a species complex which includes Streptanthus brachiatus. S. morrisonii is divided into four subspecies and is variable. In general, it is a biennial herb producing a hairless, waxy stem up to 1. 2 to 1. 5 meters in maximum height, often branching at the tip. The basal leaves have fleshy, lance-shaped blades 3 to 5 centimeters long borne on petioles. The blades are gray-green on the upper surface and purple or purple-mottled underneath. Leaves higher on the stem are variable in shape and become smaller toward the top of the plant. Flowers occur at intervals along the upper stem. Each has an urn-shaped calyx of keeled sepals in shades of yellow-green to purple. The petals emerging from the tip are whitish with purple-brown veining. The fruit is a flattened straight or slightly curved silique up to 8 centimeters long. Threats to this species include boron toxicity from the steam of nearby geothermal power plants.

Streptanthus polygaloides is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name milkwort jewelflower. It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada foothills of California, where it grows in woodlands and chaparral, generally on serpentine soils. Streptanthus polygaloides is quite variable in morphology. In general, it is an annual herb producing a hairless, sometimes waxy-textured stem under 10 centimeters to nearly one meter tall. The ephemeral basal leaves have blades divided into narrow segments and borne on petioles. Leaves higher on the stem have simple, linear blades up to 10 centimeters long which lack petioles. Flowers occur at intervals along the upper stem. Each has a folded, hooded, calyx of deeply keeled sepals in shades of greenish yellow to purple. Brown-veined white petals emerge from the tip. The fruit is a smooth, straight, flat or four-angled silique up to 5 centimeters in length. Hyperaccumulator of nickel. The Streptanthus polygaloides plant is a hyperaccumulator of nickel, with hyperaccumulation defined as the presence of at least 1,000 μg nickel per gram of dry mass. This species averages 2,430 to 18,600 μg/g. This trait helps protect the plant against many types of pathogens, including the powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni, the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, and the fungus Alternaria brassicola. It also helps defend the plant from leaf-chewing insects such as the red-legged grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum) and the moth Evergestis rimosalis, and root-feeding insects like the cabbage maggot (Delia radicum). The high nickel levels in the plant have also been shown to protect it against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). On the other hand, they do not affect all herbivorous insects that attack the plant, perhaps because some insects eat parts of the plant low in nickel, or can tolerate high-nickel diets, or include other, less toxic plant matter in their diets. In fact, some insects thrive on a high-nickel diet, such as the mirid bug Melanotrichus boydi, which specializes on this plant. Phytoremediation. The plant's ability to draw relatively large amounts of nickel from the soil make it of interest as an agent of phytoremediation in soils polluted with heavy metals.

Storax (Styrax redivivus) is a uncommon native shrub that grows in northern, southern and central California. It tends to grow in grassy and open places, at elevations from 0-5000 feet.

Suaeda calceoliformis is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family known by several common names, including Pursh seepweed and horned seablite. The plant is native to North America, where it can be found across most of the continent except for parts of the Southeastern United States. It is a halophyte, growing in areas of high soil salinity and alkalinity, such as playas, salt flats, beaches, marshes and other wetlands, and the edges of roads that are salted in the winter. Suaeda calceoliformis is an annual herb with waxy green to red or striped, bicolored stems growing up to 80 centimeters long. It may grow erect to prostrate in shape, the prostrate forms being more common in higher salinity substrates because they can retain more water. The fleshy, waxy leaves are up to 4 centimeters long, linear in shape, and lie nearly against the stem instead of spreading away from it. The inflorescence is an elongated cyme of flowers shaped like a branching spike. It is dense with many tight clusters of flowers with leaflike bracts growing between them. There are three to five flowers per cluster, each with a calyx of horned sepals and no petals. The fruit is an utricle that grows within the calyx.

Snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) is a deciduous shrub in the honeysuckle family known for its delicate bell-shaped pink flowers in spring and clusters of white berries in fall and winter. Native to moist, shady areas, it thrives as an understory plant in woodlands and along streambanks, forming dense thickets when conditions are favorable.

In the garden, snowberry is an excellent choice for dry shade, though it also tolerates additional water. Its adaptability makes it well-suited for a variety of soils and moisture levels. The shrub provides valuable shelter for wildlife, while its berries serve as a favorite food source for birds. Although the berries are mildly toxic to humans, they are harmless to many animals.

The spring blooms are a reliable source of nectar for bees, butterflies, and hummingbirds, adding to its appeal as a habitat-friendly addition to native plant gardens.

Canyon Snowberry is recognized variety of Symphoricarpos albus. For garden purposes, the two are virtually identical. It is a native shrub that grows in northern, southern and central California, along the coast, in the coastal mountain ranges, and in the Sierra foothills. It tends to grow in woods, streambanks and north-facing slopes, at elevations from 0-4000 feet.

It is a beautiful plant with lovely white berries in autumn and a great plant for wildlife gardens. It attracts many birds including hummingbirds, butterflies and many other pollinators. Easy to grow in landscaping applications, and tolerates many different soil types and sun conditions. Prefers relatively moist soils --- best to plant near a stream, seep or irrigated area. See listing for Symphoricarpos albus for additional information.

Tolerates almost any soil type. Selected from san Bruno Mountain.

Tolerates almost any soil type. Selected by Roy Taylor at Tilden park Botanical Garden.

Tolerates almost any soil type. Selected for the garden.

Symphoricarpos longiflorus is a species of flowering plant in the honeysuckle family known by the common names desert snowberry and fragrant snowberry. It is native to the western United States from the Great Basin to western Texas, as well as northwestern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California). Symphoricarpos longiflorus grows in rocky desert habitat, sagebrush, chaparral, forests, woodlands, and other habitat. It is most often found in dry habitat types.

Symphyotrichum ascendens (formerly Aster ascendens) is a species of aster known by the common names western aster and longleaf aster. It is native to western North America from British Columbia to Saskatchewan to Arizona and New Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat, including disturbed areas. This is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing a branching, erect stem to heights between 20 and 60 centimeters. Leaves are widely lance-shaped to oblong and pointed, the largest ones near the base of the stem reaching up to 15 centimeters long. The stem and leaves are roughly hairy in places. The flower cluster is an array of many flower heads with many narrow violet to nearly white ray florets around a center of golden disc florets. The fruit is a hairy achene with a long pappus.

Eaton's Aster (Aster eatonii) is a native perennial herb that grows in northern, southern and central California. It tends to grow in wet places, at elevations from 1600-6600 feet.

Symphyotrichum campestre (formerly Aster campestris) is a species of aster known by the common name western meadow aster. It is native to much of western North America from British Columbia, California, and the Rocky Mountains region, to Arizona and New Mexico. , where it grows in many habitat types, generally at some elevation. It is a perennial herb growing to a maximum height near half a meter from a long rhizome. The thin brown stems are covered in rough hairs and resin glands. The leaves are a few centimeters long, linear to oval in shape, and often hairy. The glandular inflorescence holds several flower heads containing many violet ray florets around a center of long yellow disc florets. The fruit is a hairy achene. It is a perennial herb growing to a maximum height near half a meter from a long rhizome. The thin brown stems are covered in rough hairs and resin glands. The leaves are a few centimeters long, linear to oval in shape, and often hairy. The glandular inflorescence holds several flower heads containing many violet ray florets around a center of long yellow disc florets. The fruit is a hairy achene.

The cheerful California Aster (Symphyotrichum chilense) is a member of the Sunflower family that's native to coastal California. This perennial blooms from summer to fall, making it a good garden companion for other plants that have a spring blooming season. Its petite flowers bloom in subtle shades of blue and lavender. Butterflies and moths are attracted to the nectar. California Aster is a host plant for several species of both insects. Birds eat the seeds after blooming.

California Aster likes loamy clay soil and full or partial sun exposure. It does well in moist soil,but is also drought-adapted and can tolerate receiving little to no supplemental summer water. Cut this plant back to the ground in late fall or early winter. Deadheading produces more flowers, but in wildlife gardens it is often left to go to seed. New growth appears in late winter. It spreads easily by rhizomes; the low-growing 'Point Saint George' cultivar is often used as a groundcover plant.

Tolerates almost any soil type. Prefers sun in coastal sites, and sun or part shade in inland sites. Selected for the garden.

Tolerates almost any soil type. Prefers sun in coastal sites, and sun or part shade in inland sites. Selected for the garden.

Tauschia hartwegii is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Hartweg's umbrellawort. It is endemic to California, where it is known from the Sierra Nevada foothills and some of the Central Coast Ranges. Its habitat includes coniferous woodlands and chaparral. It is a perennial herb growing 30 centimeters to one meter tall. It is coated in short, rough hairs. The leaves have blades which are divided into oval leaflets with serrated edges and borne on long petioles. The inflorescence is a compound umbel of yellow flowers with up to 30 unequal rays measuring 2 to 12 centimeters long each. The fruit is somewhat rounded in shape, ribbed, and under a centimeter long.

Tauschia parishii is a species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Parish's umbrellawort. It is endemic to California. The plant occurs in several mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada, White and Inyo Mountains, the Tehachapi Mountains, the San Gabriel and San Bernardino Mountains, the western Transverse Ranges, and the San Jacinto Mountains and other northern Peninsular Ranges. Its habitats include: chaparral, Yellow pine forest, Red fir forest, and Pinyon-juniper woodland. Descrioption. Tauschia parishii is a low-lying perennial herb growing 10 to 40 centimeters tall. The leaves have blades which are divided into elongated leaflets, which are subdivided into toothed or lobed segments. The inflorescence is a compound umbel of yellow flowers with 12 to 18 rays each a few centimters long. The fruit is oblong with prominent ribs and measures between one half and one centimeter long.

Tetradymia axillaris is a flowering plant in the Asteraceae (Sunflower) family known by the common names Cotton Catclaw and Longspine Horsebrush. This is a plant of the sagebrush and desert plant communities of the southwestern United States. In California it is found from Mono County southward to Riverside County. The plant forms a sprawling thicket and is very spiny. The spine is a modified central leaf vein; the green leaves dry and their tissues fall away, leaving the veins as hard, sharp spines. When in foliage the bush has green, hairy stems and bears yellow rayless flowerheads in the axils, or angles, of the newest branches. The fruits are released in masses of cottony seed. The sharp spines were used as tattooing needles by the Kawaiisu Native Americans. This plant should be used away from traffic where the spines will not be a problem. This is a very different plant from Catclaw Acacia (Senegalia greggii) which is a legume that grows in the desert further south.

Spineless Horsebrush (Tetradymia canescens) is a native shrub that grows in northern, southern and central California. It is slow growing and moderately long-lived. It grows in an upright form to a height of 4 feet, with active growth during the spring, summer, fall. Flowers are yellow and bloom in the late summer. Leaves are white-gray and deciduous. It tends to grow in saltbush, at elevations from 0-10000 feet.

Tetrapteron graciliflorum is a species of evening primrose known by the common name hill suncup. It is native to Oregon and California, where it grows in several habitat types, often on clay soils. It is an annual herb generally with no stem but producing an upright, nodding inflorescence. There is a cluster of narrow leaves each one to ten centimeters long. The flowers have bright yellow petals one half to two centimeters long. The fruit is a leathery capsule less than a centimeter in length with four chambers containing bumpy brown seeds.

Tetrapteron palmeri is a species of evening primrose known by the common name Palmer evening primrose. It is native to the western United States from California to Idaho, where it grows in several habitat types, including desert and sagebrush. It is a roughly hairy annual herb growing in a low patch on the ground, generally with no stem. The leaves are widely lance-shaped and up to about 5 centimeters long, with a few small teeth along the edges. The nodding inflorescence produces flowers with yellow petals only 2 or 3 millimeters long each and a noticeable bulbous stigma tip which may be up to a centimeter wide. The fruit is a leathery capsule around half a centimeter long with small wings near the tip.

Torrey's Meadow Rue is a perennial herb that grows in Southern, Central, and Northern California, especially in the Peninsular Ranges' Southern Oak Woodlands. It grows in moist places, often in colonies along stream courses and on shaded slopes in Oak Woodland and Mixed Evergreen Forest habitats.


Torrey's Meadow Rue is used in woodland and shade gardens as a perennial background plant. It has beautiful lacy blue-green foliage that unfurls from purplish shoots.
The tiny unisexual flowers are produced atop 2 - 4 ft. tall stalks on separate plants. The male flowers are showier with dangling cream-yellow colored stamens; the female flowers are clusters of greenish pistils.
It goes dormant in late summer when it is allowed to go dry.


This Meadow Rue is easy to grow, in part sun to shade. It grows with occasional to regular irrigation, and can be drought-tolerant once established.

Turpentinebroom (Thamnosma montana) is a native shrub that grows in Southern and Central California, primarily in the Desert Mountains, the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert regions. It is slow growing and moderately long-lived. It grows in an upright form to a height of 2 feet, with active growth during the spring and fall. Flowers are purple and striking, and bloom in the early spring. Leaves are light-green and deciduous. It tends to grow in moist open places, at elevations from 0-2300 feet.

Thelypodium crispum is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name crisped thelypody. It is native to the mountains and plateaus of Nevada and eastern California, where it grows in areas with mineral-rich and alkaline soils, such as the margins of hot springs.

Thelypodium integrifolium is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names entireleaved thelypody and foxtail thelypodium. It is native to much of the western United States, including the Great Basin and surrounding plateaus and deserts. It occurs in several types of habitat, often growing in sandy, mineral-rich, and alkaline soils, such as those on playas. Thelypodium integrifolium is a biennial herb producing a hairless, waxy stem with a thick, sturdy base, unbranched or branching toward the top and sometimes becoming quite tall, approaching three meters in maximum height. The thick, waxy leaves are not compound or lobed, having smooth edges. The largest basal leaves may exceed 30 centimeters in length. Leaves higher on the plant are shorter and are smooth-edged or toothed. The inflorescence is a dense, cylindrical, spikelike raceme of white or purplish flowers. The fruit is a silique which may be 8 centimeters long. Subspecies. There are five subspecies:T. i. ssp. affine - white petals - Mojave Desert (California), Great Basin. T. i. ssp. complanatum - mainly limited to the Great Basin; generally with lavender petals. T. i. ssp. gracilipes - native to the Four Corners regionT. i. ssp. integrifolium - widespread in the northern distribution of the speciesT. i. ssp. longicarpum - endemic to Arizona, where it is known only from the Grand Canyon and vicinity

California Goldenbanner (Thermopsis californica) is a rare native perennial herb that grows in northern, southern and central California. It tends to grow in disturbed or recently burned places, at elevations from 0-6900 feet.

Slender Falselupine (Thermopsis macrophylla var. venosa) is a rare native perennial herb that grows in Northern, Southern and Central California, primarily in the North Coast, the Klamath Mountain Range and North Coast Range regions. It tends to grow in open grassy and sandy places and open ridges, at elevations from 1000-5000 feet.

Thermopsis macrophylla is a species of flowering plant in the legume family known by the common names Santa Inez goldenbanner and Santa Ynez false-lupine. It is endemic to Santa Barbara County, California, where there are 500 to 2500 individuals remaining in the Santa Ynez Mountains. Only two occurrences have been confirmed recently, but the appearance of plants in coming seasons will depend on wildfire activity in the region, because plants spring up from the dormant seed bank after fire. All the known populations occur on wildlands within the Los Padres National Forest. The plant grows in chaparral on sandstone soils among chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), Eastwood's manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa), and chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis). This species once included several other species of Thermopsis, but in 1994, the others were separated out and elevated to species status, and the name T. macrophylla was applied to this rare variety limited to the Santa Ynez Mountains. This is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing up to 2 meters tall and one wide. It produces up to ten inflorescences each bearing up to 100 bright yellow flowers up to 2 centimeters long each. The fruit is a legume pod containing six to eight seeds. The seeds have very hard coats and must be scarified by fire until they reach 80 degreesC if they are to germinate.

Thysanocarpus curvipes is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common names sand fringepod and lacepod. It is native to western North America from British Columbia through the western United States to Baja California, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a common plant in much of its range. It is variable in appearance. It is an annual herb producing a branching or unbranched stem 10 to 80 centimeters tall. The leaves are mostly lance-shaped but variable. The lower ones are sometimes borne on petioles and the upper ones may clasp the stem at their bases. They may be smooth-edged, toothed, or lobed. The inflorescence is a raceme of flowers with four white or purple-tinged petals and purple sepals. The fruit is a flattened, rounded or oval disclike capsule with a thin wing around the edge. The fruit is under a centimeter long and the wing is variable in appearance, flat or wavy, sometimes perforated.

Thysanocarpus laciniatus is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name mountain fringepod. It is native to California and Baja California, where it grows in many types of habitat. It is a common plant in much of its range. It is an annual herb producing a slender, branching or unbranched stem 10 to 60 centimeters tall. It is somewhat waxy in texture and generally lacks hairs. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped and smooth-edged or toothed. They measure up to 4 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a raceme of small whitish or purplish flowers. The fruit is a flattened, rounded or oval disclike capsule with a thin wing around the edge.

Thysanocarpus radians is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by the common name ribbed fringepod. It is native to northern and central California and Oregon, where it grows in moist meadows, fields, hillsides, and other habitat. It is an annual herb growing up to 50 or 60 centimeters tall. The leaves are wavy-edged or lobed, the basal ones up to 5 centimeters long and ephemeral, and the upper ones with bases clasping the stem. The inflorescence is a long, open raceme of small whitish or purplish flowers. The fruit is a flattened, rounded, disclike capsule which hangs from its pedicel. It measures up to a centimeter long and is hairless to quite hairy in texture. The flat wing lining the edge of the disc is ribbed with rays like the spokes of a wheel, a characteristic making it easily distinguished from other Thysanocarpus when it is in fruit.

Tidestromia lanuginosa is a species of flowering plant in the amaranth family known by the common name woolly tidestromia. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern to central Mexico, where it grows in many types of habitat, including desert canyons and woodlands, desert riparian zones, desert and coastal scrub, beaches, and disturbed habitat such as roadsides.

Tonella tenella is one of two herbaceous plant species in genus Tonella, which has been recently reclassified as a member of Plantaginaceae. This species is known by the common names lesser baby innocence and small-flowered tonella. The plant is a small annual herb with an erect stem up to 30 centimeters tall. The flowers are very tiny, only a few millimeters wide. The corolla is arranged with four petal lobes on one side and one larger petal lobe on the other. The lobed petals are white with blue or purple spots or streaks, and they surround four white stamens. Growing in the forest understory, often scrub oak, on moist rocky soil, its range extends from southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia to San Benito County, California. Media related to Tonella tenella at Wikimedia Commons

Torreyochloa pallida is a species of grass known by the common names pale false mannagrass and weak manna grass. It is native to North America, especially the east and west sides. It grows in wet habitat, such as rivers, lakesides, bogs, and swamps. It is a rhizomatous perennial grass producing thick, erect to decumbent, sometimes matted stems which can easily exceed one meter in maximum length. The inflorescence is a branching panicle up to 25 centimeters long by 12 wide containing compressed spikelets with up to 8 florets each. There are three varieties of this grass which are distinguished by appearance and distribution.

Townsendia scapigera is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common name tufted Townsend daisy. It is native to the western United States, where it grows in mountains, sagebrush, and other habitat. It is a small perennial herb taking a clumped form just a few centimeters tall, its herbage growing on a caudex and taproot unit. The leaves are up to 5 centimeters long and coated in rough hairs. The inflorescence bears flower heads on erect peduncles, each head measuring 1 to 3 centimeters wide with hairy phyllaries. Each head contains many yellow disc florets and many white, pinkish, or purplish ray florets each measuring up to 1. 6 centimters in length.

Toxicodendron diversilobum, commonly named poison oak, Pacific poison oak or western poison oak, is a woody vine or shrub widely distributed in western North America. It is common in various habitats, from riparian zones to dry chaparral. It thrives in shady and dappled light through full and direct sunlight conditions. It is one of the more common shrubs in California, growing throughout the coastal and coast mountain ranges, the Transverse mountain ranges, through the Sierra foothills, and in the Sacramento Valley. It is extremely variable in growth habit and leaf appearance, growing as a dense tall shrub in open sunlight, and a treelike vine or dense thickets in shaded areas. It reproduces by spreading rhizomes and by seeds. The plant is winter deciduous, so that after cold weather sets in, the stems are leafless and bear only the occasional cluster of berries.

Poison oak is known for causing itching and allergic rashes in many humans after contact by touch or smoke inhalation. Because of this, it is usually eradicated from gardens and public landscaped areas. However, it can be a carefully situated component in wildlife gardens, habitat gardens, and natural landscaping. The plant is used in habitat restoration projects. It can be early stage succession where woodlands have been burned or removed, serving as a nurse plant for other species.

Botanist John Howell observed the toxicity of Poison Oak obscures its merits: "In spring, the ivory flowers bloom on the sunny hill or in sheltered glade, in summer its fine green leaves contrast refreshingly with dried and tawny grassland, in autumn its colors flame more brilliantly than in any other native, but one great fault, its poisonous juice, nullifies its every other virtue and renders this beautiful shrub the most disparaged of all within our region."

Black-tailed deer, mule deer, California ground squirrels, western gray squirrels, and other indigenous fauna feed on the leaves of the plant. It is rich in phosphorus, calcium, and sulfur. Bird species use the berries for food, and utilize the plant structure for shelter. Neither native animals, nor horses, livestock, or canine pets demonstrate reactions.

Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum (syn. Zigadenus brevibracteatus) is a species of flowering plant known by the common name desert deathcamas. It is native to Baja California, Sonora, and California, where it grows in sandy desert habitat among creosote and Joshua trees. Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum is a perennial wildflower growing from a brown or black bulb up to 4 centimeters long. The stem grows up to 50 or 60 centimeters long. The leaves are linear in shape, measuring up to 30 centimeters long by one wide. Most of the leaves are at the base of the stem and there may be a few reduced leaves above. The inflorescence is an open panicle of flowers at the tips of branches. The flowers are male or bisexual, with six cream-colored tepals. The fruit is a capsule 1 or 2 centimeters long.

Toxicoscordion exaltatum (syn. Zigadenus exaltatus), the Giant Deathcamas, is a flowering plant in the genus Toxicoscordion. It is endemic to California, where it can be found in the Sierra Nevada foothills.

Toxicoscordion venenosum, with the common names death camas and meadow death camas, is a species of flowering plants in the genus Toxicoscordion, of the Melanthiaceae family. It is native to western North America. The plant is called alapíšaš in Sahaptin, and nupqasaqui, ("nup-ka-sa-qush") in Ktunaxa). The plant is widespread across much of Western Canada, the Western United States, and northern Baja California (México). They tend to grow in dry meadows and on dry hillsides as well as sagebrush slopes and montane forests. Toxicity. All parts of the plant are poisonous. It is dangerous for humans as well as livestock. Consumption of 2 to 6% of the body weight of the animal is likely to be fatal. Along with other alkaloids, zygacine and other toxic esters of zygadenine are the primary neurotoxic alkaloids contributing to the plant's toxicity.

Tricardia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the borage family containing the single species Tricardia watsonii, which is known by the common name threehearts. It is native to the southwestern United States, where it grows in deserts and mountains in sandy open habitat, often beneath shrubs. It is a perennial herb growing from a taproot and a woody caudex covered with the shreddy remains of previous seasons' herbage. It produces several erect stems up to about 40 centimeters tall. Most of the leaves are located in a basal rosette about the caudex. They are lance-shaped and coated thinly in woolly hairs. They are up to 9 centimeters long and are borne on petioles. A few smaller leaves occur higher on the stem. Flowers occur in a loose cyme at the top of the stem. Each has a calyx of five sepals. The outer three are heart-shaped and green to pink or purple in color, and the inner two are much smaller and narrower. The flower within is bell-shaped, white with central purple markings, and roughly half a centimeter wide. The fruit is a capsule just under a centimeter long which contains 4 to 8 seeds.

The annual herb of the mint family Trichostema lanceolatum is commonly known as vinegar weed because its foliage contains volatile oils that have a strong vinegar odor. Other common names for the plant include terpentine weed and camphor weed. The oils also have phytotoxic properties, which help vinegar weed compete by killing or injuring other plant species. Indians of northern California used the plant as a cold and fever remedy, a pain reliever, and a flea repellent. Vinegar weed is a wildflower bearing striking purple-blue flowers on short green stems. The numerous leaves are juicy and green and are covered in fluffy hairs. The plant is well adapted to its native range in California, where it thrives in dry, nutrient-poor, sun-baked clay soil. In hot weather the vinegar smell of the plant becomes intense as the oils in the tissues permeate the air. The plants of this genus are sometimes called blue curls, but this name may be more associated with the similar, but sweeter smelling, species Trichostema lanatum. Vinegar weed is found on the west coast of North America from northern Mexico to southern Canada.

Trichostema laxum is a species of flowering plant in the mint family, known by the common name turpentine weed from the foliage's scent. The annual plant is native to northern California and Oregon, at elevations below 1,700 metres (5,600 ft). It is found primarily in the Inner Northern California Coast Ranges, including the subranges of the Klamath Mountains and the Mayacamas Mountains. It grows in gravelly streambanks or sandy soil, of the mountains and foothills in chaparral, Foothill oak woodland, and Yellow pine forest habitats. The species has an affinity for serpentine soils. Trichostema laxum is an annual herb approaching 5 decimetres (1. 6 ft) in maximum height. Its aromatic foliage, with a strong turpentine odor, is coated in glandular and nonglandular hairs. The lanceolate to narrowly ovate leaves are up to 7 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a series of clusters of flowers located at each leaf pair. Each flower has a hairy calyx of green or reddish sepals and a tubular, lipped purple corolla. The four stamens are long and curved, measuring up to 1. 6 centimeters in length. Its bloom period is from June to October.

Tridens muticus is a species of grass known by the common name slim tridens. It is native to Mexico and the southwestern quadrant of the United States, where it grows several types of habitat, including plateau and desert, woodlands, sagebrush, plains, and other areas with dry sandy and clay soils. It is a perennial grass forming a thick tuft with a knotted base and rhizome. It reaches a maximum height of 50 to 80 centimeters. The panicle has short branches appressed to the others, making the inflorescence narrow. The florets are generally purple in color.

Trifolium albopurpureum is a species of clover known by the common name rancheria clover. It is native to the west coast and of North America from British Columbia, California and the Sierra Nevada, to Baja California. It can be found in a wide variety of habitats, including chaparral and woodlands, grasslands, forests, and montane locales. Trifolium albopurpureum is an annual herb growing decumbent or erect in form. The leaflets are 1 to 3 centimeters long, and the herbage is hairy. The inflorescence is a spike of flowers measuring 0. 5 to 2 centimeters wide. Each flower has a calyx of sepals with narrow lobes that taper into a bristle-shaped point and are coated in long hairs. Within the calyx is the flower corolla, which is purple and white in color. Subspecies. Trifolium albopurpureum is often discussed as comprising three Varieties: These are:Trifolium albopurpureum var. albopurpureumTrifolium albopurpureum var. dichotomumTrifolium albopurpureum var. olivaceum

Trifolium andersonii is a species of clover known by the common names fiveleaf clover and Anderson's clover. It is native to the western United States, particularly the Great Basin and adjacent high mountain ranges, including the Sierra Nevada. It grows in forests, mountain meadows, and talus. It has been noted to be the dominant species in dry areas on the alpine grassland steppe in the White Mountains of California. Trifolium andersonii is a perennial herb growing in a tuft or low cushion, and lacking a stem. The long-haired or woolly, silvery-gray leaves have 3 to 7 leaflets each up to 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a head of flowers measuring 1. 5 to 2. 5 centimeters wide. Each flower has a calyx of sepals with narrow, densely hairy lobes. Within the calyx is the flower corolla, which is pinkish purple or bicolored. Various subtaxa are usually recognized by authors as varieties or subspecies.

Trifolium fucatum is a species of clover known by the common names bull clover and sour clover. It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows in many types of habitat, becoming common to abundant in some areas. Trifolium fucatum is an annual herb growing decumbent to erect in form, the stem often thick-walled and hollow. The leaf blades are made up of oval or rounded leaflets with smooth or toothed edges, and the leaves have large stipules. The inflorescence is a head of flowers with a base of wide bracts. Each flower corolla is 1 to 2 centimeters long and white or yellowish with purple tips. The flower becomes inflated as the fruit develops.